Correlation between smoking and brain atrophy detected by cross sectional imaging

Aryan Wirya  Marof; Saeed Nadhim  Younus

doi:10.56056/amj.2023.212

Authors

Aryan Wirya Marof MBCH, Radiology department, Rizgari teaching hospital, Erbil, Iraq
Saeed Nadhim Younus MBCH, DMRD, PHD, kHCMS, Scientific Counsel of Radiology, Erbil, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56056/amj.2023.212

Keywords:

Brain atrophy, CT scan and MRI measurements, Smoking

Abstract

Background and objectives: Smoking have effect on many organs in human body, we are focusing on its relation with brain atrophy. We aimed to determine whether there is an association between smoking and brain atrophy by using certain parameters from CT scan or MRI of brain.

Methods: This is a case control study done from December 2019 to May 2021, a total of 100 cases of CT scans and MRI brain which is randomly selected reviewed by taking certain measurements like frontal horn index, Evans ratio, bicaudate index, huckman number, cella media.

Results: Brain atrophy group involved 50 cases and control non-atrophy group 50 cases both group with equal number of male and female, there is statistically significant difference between smokers with brain atrophy 30% and smokers with no brain atrophy 6% with p-value 0.027, also the mean duration of smoking among brain atrophy was 17.83 years while among non-atrophic brain was 9.83 years. Number of cigarettes smoked per day showed statistically significant difference as it was 21.07 cigarettes among smokers with brain atrophy versus 13.83 cigarettes in non –brain atrophy smokers.

Conclusions: Current brain imaging demonstrate that chronic tobacco smoking is associated with significant increase in prevalence of brain atrophy than non-smokers, smoking can be considered a risk factor for brain atrophy.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

De Marini DM. Genotoxicity of tobacco smoke and tobacco smoke condensate: a review. Mutat Res. 2004; 567(2-3): 447-74.

Ambrose JA, Barua RS. The pathophysiology of cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease: An update. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004; 43(10):1731-7.

Boudreaux ED, Francis JL, Taylor CL, et al. Changing multiple health behaviors: smoking and exercise. Prev Med. 2003; 36(4): 471-8.

Casasola GG, Marques JA, Sánchez-Alarcos JM, et al. Cigarette smoking behavior and respiratory alterations during sleep in a healthy population. Sleep Breath. 2002; 6(1): 19-24.

Bartal, M. Health effects of tobacco use and exposure. Monaldi. Arch. Chest Dis. 2001; 56(5): 545-54.

Bolego C, Poli A, Paoletti R. Smoking and gender. Cardiovascular research. 2002; 53(3): 568-76.

Garey KW, Neuhauser MM, Robbins RA, et al. Markers of inflammation in exhaled breath condensate of young healthy smokers. Chest. 2004; 125(1): 22-6.

Hawkins BT, Brown RC, Davis TP. Smoking and ischemic stroke: a role for nicotine? Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2002; 23(2): 78-82.

Bolego C, Poli A, Paolettim R. Smoking and gender. Cardiovasc. Res. 2002; 53: 568-76.

Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ, Nixon SJ. Chronic cigarette smoking: implications for neurocognition and brain neurobiology. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010; 7(10): 3760-91.

Hayee A, Haque A, Anwarullah AK, et al. Smoking enhances age related brain atrophy--a quantitative study with computed tomography. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull. 2003; 29(3): 118-24.

Razani J, Boone K, Lesser I, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking history on cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004; 12(4): 404-11.

Swan GE, De Carli C, Miller BL, et al. Biobehavioral characteristics of non demented older adults with subclinical brain atrophy. Neurology 2000; 54: 2108-14.

Jacobsen LK, Krystal JH, Mencl WE, et al. Effects of smoking and smoking abstinence on cognition in adolescent tobacco smokers. Biol. Psychiat.2005; 57: 56-66.

Sabia S, Marmot M, Dufouil C, et al. Smoking history and cognitive function in middle age from the Whitehall II study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2008; 168: 1165-73.

Whalley LJ, Fox HC, Deary IJ, et al. Childhood IQ, smoking, and cognitive change from age 11 to 64 years. Addict. Behav. 2005; 30: 77-88.

Longstreth Jr WT, Arnold AM, Manolio TA, et al. Clinical correlates of ventricular and sulcal size on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3,301 elderly people. Neuroepidemiology. 2000; 19(1): 30-42.

Almeida OP, Garrido GJ, Lautenschlager NT, et al. Smoking is associated with reduced cortical regional gray matter density in brain regions associated with incipient Alzheimer disease. Am J Geriatr. Psychiatry 2008; 16: 92-8.

Paul RH, Grieve SM, Niaura R, et al. Chronic cigarette smoking and the microstructural integrity of white matter in healthy adults: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Nicotine Tob. Res.2008; 10: 137-47.

Power MC, Deal JA, Sharrett AR, et al. Smoking and white matter hyperintensity progression: the ARIC-MRI Study. Neurology. 2015; 84(8): 841-8.

Marstrand JR, Garde E, Rostrup E, et al. Cerebral perfusion and cerebrovascular reactivity are reduced in white matter hyperintensities. Stroke. 2002; 33(4): 972-6.

Gunning-Dixon FM, Raz N. The cognitive correlates of white matter abnormalities in normal aging: a quantitative review. Neuropsychology. 2000; 14(2): 224-32.

Gallinat J, Lang UE, Jacobsen LK, et al. Abnormal hippocampal neurochemistry in smokers: evidence from proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 T. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2007;27(1):80-4.

Kochanowicz J, Lewko J, Rutkowski R, et al. Influence of smoking cigarettes on cerebral blood flow parameters. Biol Res Nurs. 2015; 17(1):8-12.

Anbarasi K, Vani G, Balakrishna K, et al. Effect of bacoside A on membrane-bound ATPases in the brain of rats exposed to cigarette smoke. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 2005; 19: 59-65.

World Health Organization. The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland, 2003. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42811/9241591013.pdf;jsessionid=2A3D16B0603464435085E73DF59F805A?sequence=1

Robert C, GleN A Bryll A, et al. Computed Tomography Assessment of Brain Atrophy in Centenarians. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019; 16(19): 3659.

Keats TE, Sistrom C. Atlas of Radiologic Measurement. Mosby. 2001.

Peng P, Wang Z, Jiang T, et al. Brain-volume changes in young and middle-aged smokers: a DARTEL-based voxel-based morphometry study. Clin Respir J. 2017; 11(5): 621-31.

Elbejjani M, Auer R, Jacobs DR, et al. Cigarette smoking and gray matter brain volumes in middle age adults: the CARDIA Brain MRI sub-study. Transl Psychiatry. 2019; 9(1): 78.

Durazzo TC, Meyerhoff DJ, Murray DE. Comparison of regional brain perfusion levels in chronically smoking and non-smoking adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health.2015; 12(7): 8198-213.

Brody AL, Mandelkern MA, Jarvik ME, et al. Differences between smokers and non-smokers in regional gray matter volumes and densities. Biol. Psychiatry .2004; 55; 77–84.

Longstreth WT, Diehr P, Manolio TA, et al. Cluster Analysis and Patterns of Findings on Cranial Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Elderly. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Arch